HVAC TECHNICIAN
Installs, maintains, repairs heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Year-round demand, climate-change tailwind. Virginia is a right-to-work state — union density is lower than the national average, but licensed tradespeople still command solid wages on prevailing wage projects.
The License.
Most states issue a journeyman license (allows you to work under a licensed contractor) and a separate master or contractor license (allows you to pull permits and run your own business). The journeyman license typically requires completing your apprenticeship and passing a written exam; the master/contractor license requires additional field hours — usually 2 years as a journeyman — and a separate exam.
Requirements in Virginia: confirm current hour and exam requirements directly with Virginia DPOR — Tradesmen Program. Rules update frequently and our data reflects published standards as of early 2025.
The Money.
Real BLS OEWS 2025 median hourly wages for hvac technicians in Virginia — by metro area. Union scale typically runs 20–40% above these medians on prevailing wage projects.
| Metro area | Median hourly | Approx. annual |
|---|---|---|
| Staunton | $29.98/hr | $59,960 |
| Harrisonburg | $28.95/hr | $57,900 |
| Charlottesville | $28.63/hr | $57,260 |
| Virginia Beach | $28.59/hr | $57,180 |
| Richmond | $28.43/hr | $56,860 |
| Lynchburg | $28.13/hr | $56,260 |
| Winchester | $27.04/hr | $54,080 |
| Blacksburg | $24.05/hr | $48,100 |
| Roanoke | $23.67/hr | $47,340 |
| Kingsport | $23.54/hr | $47,080 |
| National median (BLS) | $28.65/hr | $57,300 |
Source: BLS OEWS May 2025. These are median wages across all workers (union and non-union). Year 1 apprentice: $34,000–$48,000/yr. Journeyman top of scale: $56,000–$96,000/yr.
Virginia is a right-to-work state. Union scale in major Virginia metros typically runs 10–20% above the national median on public projects with prevailing wage requirements; non-union pay can run 15–30% below union scale on private work.
The Path.
In Virginia, apprenticeships are administered through the federal RAPIDS system via the U.S. Department of Labor. To find registered programs, go to apprenticeship.gov and filter by state. Most joint apprenticeship training committees (JATCs) also accept direct applications.
- · UA (commercial/industrial pipefitter classification)
- · SMART
The Exam.
Licensing exams for hvac technician work typically cover the applicable mechanical code (IMC or state-specific), plumbing code (IPC or UPC depending on the state), and material standards. Virginia may adopt different code editions than adjacent states. Confirm the specific code edition before purchasing prep materials. Note: prevailing wage rules in Virginia apply primarily to public projects — private-sector jobs in this right-to-work state are exempt.
Be honest about pass rates. Many licensing boards do not publish them. When they do, first-time pass rates for journeyman exams in the trades typically run 50–75%. Preparation time varies — most serious candidates spend 60–120 hours on exam prep. Use code books from the correct edition, not what's currently in print.
What recruiters won't tell you.
- 01EPA 608 is required by federal law to handle refrigerant. Get it first.
- 02Residential service is commission/spiff-heavy — pay claims often inflated by recruiters.
- 03Some 'HVAC' trade school programs cost $15K+ for what a community college does for $3K.
- 04Lincoln Tech, UTI, and Penn Foster HVAC programs have had repeated regulatory scrutiny — check outcomes before enrolling.